Hospitality Current Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cordiality Current - Essay Example Difficulties Facing the Hospitality Industry Introduction In the previous hundreds of years, cordiality was not a typical field referred to by numerous individuals as a significant and basic piece of cultural life. This reality simply changed with the blasting universal exchange and changes in ways of life for some residents over the world. The two elements have not existed quietly yet have been presenting difficulties in the area of cordiality. Among the difficulties looked by the cordiality segment incorporate rivalry, innovative progression, assorted variety, absence of polished skill to offer appropriate administrations, sanitation and sanitation, security issues, and globalization among different issues. Thorough innovative progression has presented genuine difficulties to the accommodation business the world over. Mechanical headway has changed the manner in which work is done in the friendliness business (Powers and Barrows, 2008). Pretty much every movement is mechanized or a utomated and the showcasing scenes are moving to the web. Neighborliness industry players have tried to utilize the utilization of sites for showcasing their items, expanding activity costs because of significant expenses of keeping up the sites. So as to expand client base, players in the friendliness business need to contribute on advances that can empower internet reserving for administrations by the clients (Binion, 2006). The underlying expense and upkeep of such advances is over the top and now and again excessively expensive by specific administrators in the businesses Uncertainty occasioned by rising security has activated agitation among the clients of the cordiality business, for example, lodgings which record low appointments as guests bashful away. Expanded instances of psychological warfare have brought dread up in clients as they generally think about their security when voyaging (Powers and Barrows, 2008). Instances of snatching have additionally caused security quest ions among many, which has adversely influenced the cordiality business as clients dread to traverse the world. Numerous administrators in the neighborliness business, for example, lodgings and air travel offices have been compelled to put resources into costly and hey tech safety efforts to hold the certainty of purchasers most definitely. The neighborliness business players have likewise been constrained to go through much cash in protecting their tasks against any event of frailty. Instances of food contamination in different lodgings have raised worries of food handling and appropriate sanitation. Revealed demise cases occasioned by food contamination influences clients utilization of good food items in the friendliness business (Powers and Barrows, 2008). Social decent variety has likewise driven cordiality industry into costly groceries to fulfill the needs of their clients The noteworthy test that has disturbed the development of segments in the neighborliness is the ongoing worldwide monetary downturn. The emergency has done a ton to debilitate individuals from going because of significant expense of voyaging and low salary earned by numerous shoppers (Rob, 2010). Furthermore, the monetary emergency has pushed the cordiality business to build the expenses of convenience, causing a sharp decrease popular of inn and accommodation related administrations. Increment in the level and number of individual getting instruction has come about to significant levels of client mindfulness. Clients have would in general interest benefits whose quality gives great incentive for their cash.

Organization Change and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Association Change and Development - Essay Example There isn't one association on the planet that can endure the present business condition by opposing change (Kaufman, 2007). These progressions are not arbitrary; rather they are the aftereffect of different variables which will be the focal point of this paper. Variables Affecting Change The significant powers that roll out hierarchical improvement unavoidable, which can either be outer or inside, are: monetary, innovative, social, political, lawful, work market and worldwide situations. Each association has its own exceptional objectives and destinations which are connected somehow to the changing industry condition which is profoundly powerful. These variables of progress ordinarily power the association to reconsider and change its method of activity, the executives and administration conveyance (Botha and Kourie, 2008). Innovation might be the fundamental factor of progress that is being encountered everywhere throughout the business world. The 21st century has been described by advancements and presentations of new advances which have influenced the manner in which individuals love and work. Maybe the most significant of this mechanical advancement has occurred in the correspondence segment. The advancement of the phone, web and different types of correspondence has totally changed the business condition (Appalbaum, Close and Klasa, 1999). ... The economic situations in the 21st century have additionally changed a considerable amount. Rivalry has gotten a lot stiffer than it was years prior. This opposition has been elevated by the regularly expanding number of organizations that offer the equivalent or comparative items as well as administrations. The fight to stay applicable in this sort of market condition is one that all associations must battle consistently. In the event that it implies that the associations need to change the manner in which they lead their business, at that point its absolutely impossible around it. Globalization is a significant motivation behind why showcase rivalry has ascended to such extraordinary statures (Appelbaum, Everard and Hung, 1999). A genuine case of a business situation that has seen numerous progressions because of changing economic situations is India. After advancement over the most recent two centuries, the nation has encountered a convergence of remote organizations and developm ent of numerous others. This has made such elevated level of rivalry that those associations which couldn't stay aware of the change needed to shut down or converge with those that had just adjusted to the changing industry condition. Those associations that had the option to re-adjust their tasks to the far reaching developments in the market are a portion of the nations best today. The political and lawful condition is additionally as fierce as the business condition of today. This is on the grounds that it is likewise helpless against visit changes, which additionally influence different circles of life for people and associations the same. Any progressions of administration or organization in a nation or a locale may have extraordinary ramifications for organizations. For example, if a vote based government is supplanted by an extremist one, or tight clamp versa, there is probably going to be a significant move of

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When Youre Highly Sensitive

5 Ways to Cope With Stress When You're Highly Sensitive If you are wondering if you are a highly sensitive person, it is quite possible that you actually are. This fact might be affecting your relationship with stress in your life. People who are considered highly sensitive people tend to feel things more deeply than others, detect lifes subtleties more easily, and be more reactive to stimuli both internal and external. They are people who may be more bothered by an itchy shirt or an abrasive friend. They are also people who will notice when someone needs a hug or detect when something bad is about to happen and change course. Unfortunately, this heightened sensitivity and awareness can translate into vigilance, rumination, and extra stress at times. Here is how to cope with the additional and unique stress of being a highly sensitive person, whether the sensitive person is you or someone you care about. Set up Boundaries When we speak of boundaries, we mean boundaries in your relationships, but we also mean it in other ways as well. This means becoming more comfortable letting people know where you stand and what you needâ€"classic boundary-setting techniques.  But we also mean things like creating some extra wiggle room in your schedule so you dont feel stressed when things inevitably go wrong, pile on, or require an extra response from you. Practice Mindfulness and Meditation These practices are closely related to the idea of setting boundaries. Thats because this involves creating a perimeter around your experiences in life and your thoughts and feelings about them through the practices of meditation and mindfulness. When you practice meditation, you learn to step back and observe your thoughts and feelings, and even your physical reactions as separate from your life and your self. With practice, a few important things happen. You learn to calm your body more quickly, reversing your stress response and returning to a place of calmness. You also learn to detach from things emotionally more easily so if things feel overwhelming, you dont get swept away in the flood of emotion as easily. It helps you to stay grounded, It can also help you to build resilience to stress. All of this should make it worth the effort for anyone, but this is particularly true for the highly sensitive person. Relaxing Zones for  Yourself This can mean having your home be soothing and relatively free of conflict. This can be done by adding a few elements known to relieve stress, such as soothing music and aromatherapy, and having down time there on a regular basis. This can also mean that you keep your close relationships as conflict-free as possible. This can be accomplished by learning conflict-resolution techniques and assertiveness, both of which can provide you with the tools you need to work through difficulties that may arise between you and your loved ones. Ultimately, it also means that you can choose people in your life to be part of your inner circle after they have proved themselves worthy of it, and you can put distance between yourself and those who drain you, frustrate you, or devalue you. When you have a supportive circle of people who will listen and care when you have a problem to deal with in your life, it can be even more soothing to you if you are sensitive; sensitive people need to feel understood and supported a little more than others, and they are wonderful in their capacity to offer this back as well. But it is important to save your supportiveness for those who will return it, at least in part, rather than those who will drain you and desert you, or inspire self-doubt. Practice Self-Care As a highly sensitive person, you are probably more susceptible to the ravages of sleep deprivation, poor nutrition, and burnout. This means you need to be sure to get enough sleep at night (or supplement with naps when necessary), eat healthy meals, and take care of your body, mind, and spirit in whatever ways you can. This will leave you more able to handle whatever comes your way. Know Your Triggers Highly sensitive people all have their unique challenges. It helps to know what stresses you the most so you can avoid these things in your life. Pay attention to how you feel throughout the day, and even maintain a stress journal if necessary. Be proactive in adding resilience-building practices as well as eliminating stressors whenever possible.   You may not be able to change the fact that you are sensitive, but you can absolutely change your lifestyle and habits so that youre less affected by those stressors you cant control. After a while, this will become second nature and you will feel more resilient toward stress in general. Then you can simply enjoy the benefits that come with being sensitive.

Essay on Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and...

Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights From Article 21 of the Japan Constitution states, â€Å"Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.† Article 35 states, â€Å"The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized . . . Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant issued by a competent judicial officer.†1 A 1988 Act for the†¦show more content†¦In January of 2000, the government gathered the Expert Committee for Drafting Law of Personal Data Protection under the advanced Information and Telecommunications Society Promotion Headquarters to develop a law to protect personal information on the basis of the Interim Report of the Working Party. The panel then released a report in June of 2000 urging the adoption of legal protections for processing of personal information by businesses and the creation of a government office to handle complaints and investigation. In February of 1998, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry established a Supervisory Authority for the Protection of Personal Data to monitor a new system for granting of â€Å"privacy marks† to businesses committing to the handling of the personal data in accordance with the MITI guidelines. The â€Å"privacy mark† system was administered by the Japan Information Processing Development Center (JIPDEC). JIPDEC was a joint public/private agency. Any company that does not comply with the industry guidelines will be excluded from relevant industry bodies and not granted the privacy protection mark. And then they will most likely be penalized by the market forces. Software Related Privacy Issues There were two software related issues that have arisen, one more recent than the other. First, back in 1999, Japan passed someShow MoreRelatedRelevant Laws And Legal Authority1277 Words   |  6 PagesRelevant laws and legal authority The conduct of biomedical research that involves the human subjects deals with many ethical and legal issues and these issues must be handled by the law to make sure transparency in the research. 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Neural Network Concept in Artificial Intelligence Essay

Neural Network Concept in Artificial Intelligence Abstract Since the 1980s there have been renewed research efforts dedicated to neural networks. The present interest is largely due to the difficult problems confronted by artificial intelligence, and due to the deeper understanding of how the brain works, the recent developments in theoretical models, technologies and algorithms. One motivation of neural network research is the desire to build a new breed of powerful computers to solve a variety of problems that have proved to be very difficult with conventional computers. Another motivation is the desire to develop cognitive models that can serve as an alternative way to artificial intelligence. Human brain functions have not yet†¦show more content†¦A neural network structure is based on: Node characteristics The nodes of a directed network are called processing units. The state of the unit represents the potential of a neuron. It can also be called activation. The state of a neuron is affected by its previous state, the total acc umulated input signals, and the activation function. As the signal generated at a neuron cell body is transmitted down the axon and then distributed to the synapses, the property of this transmission path may affect the ultimate signal that arrives at the synapses. This can be described by the output function of the unit. 1. Input Function: The synapses and the signal modulations are simulated by links and link functions in neural networks. The signals received by the unit in a neural network may come from different types of output signals (binary, continuous, symbolic), undergo modulations of different link functions, and the link can be of different types (inhibitory, excitatory). Ports for input signals are called sites. All incoming links are impinging upon the sites instead of directly upon the units themselves. 2. Activation Function: The total stimuli coming to a unit is defined to be the sum of the all signals coming from other units. The total stimuli to a node i can be wri tten as sitotal = à ¥j sij where sij is the signal at j-th site of i-th unit. The state of a activation of a unit can be either discrete orShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence Concepts : The Future Of AI1711 Words   |  7 Pagesproponents to different concepts. Dr. Ayala, you’re a strong proponent of connectionism, while Dr. Ruiz is a strong supporter of symbol manipulation. Mr. Skep Ticks is a skeptic of the aforementioned concepts and believes that AIs cannot be intelligent. Intelligence, he believes, can only be simulated by systems but not created. Having all of you seated in front of me brings about the unique opportunity to ask if either of you believe that a machine can achieve intelligence. 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Genetics of Organisms lab report Free Essays

Measuring only a few millimeters in length, fruit flies take up a fraction of the room of other organisms such as fish or rats that have also been used in such research. The flies are small enough to be compact, yet large enough to be seen in great detail under a dissecting microscope. Due to their size, cost of food and space to house them is extremely low, making them easily accessible to schools and laboratories every. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetics of Organisms lab report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Veer. The entire life cycle Of the fruit fly is a mere 30 days, 7-12 days of which are spent maturing. 2-15 hours after eggs are laid, larvae emerge for 4 days to grow and feed on toting fruit (which their eggs were laid on) before undergoing a 4 day metamorphosis after which they are adults. The rest of their adult lives are spent eating and mating (Fruit Fly). Females are able to mate as soon as 12-18 hours after the 4 day metamorphosis. Differentiating male and female flies is quite simple; males (left) have sex combs which look like small black dots on their front legs and have fewer dark lines across their abdomen. Females (right) are typically larger and have dark stripes across the abdomen and have an ovipositor extending from the lower abdomen (Lab Seven). Today, fruit flies are being used in stem cell research of gremlin cells. These highly vital gremlin cells become gametes and carry on the evolution of a species. Researchers at the university of Utah have been studying how germ stem cells protect themselves from becoming somatic cells using fruit flies. It all began in 1 922 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where Ruth Lehmann discovered a gene she named â€Å"Oscar†. Oscar is responsible for adding a vital protein to the plasma of the germ stem cell that when inactive inhibits the production Of germ cells. When it is turned on, germ cells are produced and kept as stem cells through â€Å"extreme transcriptional repression†. During this process, DNA is inhibited from being transcribed to RNA which in turn means no gene expression. This research is delving into the specifics of stem cells which are suspected to hold treatments for many diseases (Scheduler). While our lab wasn’t investigating the mechanics of stem cell development, we studied the inheritance of traits though generations of flies. Our objective was to see the different patterns of inheritance that genes can take. To have exults as close to expected as possible we kept temperature, food and light constant throughout all tests as controls and let the mating and passing of traits be the variable. Keeping all other factors constant we hypothesized that if cross A showed monophonic inheritance it would have a 1:2:1 ratio, dibber crosses would have a 9:3:3:1 ratio and sex linked inheritance would show a ratio of inheritance. Materials Fruit Flies (Drosophila Melanomas) Cross A: Sepia female x Wild male Cross 8: Vestigial female x Sepia male Cross C: White female Wild male Colored tape Petri dishes Fruit fly blue media Flyway Plastic vials (with foam stoppers) Microscopes Paint Brushes Funnels â€Å"Morgue† Ice packs Procedure 1. Obtain a vial of Fl generation flies (either cross A,B, or C and make sure to label the vials as such). The first objective is to remove the flies from the vial without having them fly away. To prevent this, wedge a wand that has been dipped in fly nap between the foam stopper and the vial so that it reaches into the vial to anesthetize the flies. To help immobilizers them, placing the vials in a cool location or on an ice pack can help to calm them as they are Elian on environmental factors. 2. After the flies have been anesthetized, remove them from the vials and place them in Petri dishes with labels matching the vials they came from to avoid confusion. To remove the immobilizers flies from the vial, it is important to be gentle and avoid crushing any flies. The majority of the flies should fall from the vial when it is inverted, but to remove any that are left, a paintbrush can be very useful to move them without causing them any harm. 3. Once the flies are in Petri dishes, place them on ice packs to prevent the flies from waking up during counting. Place the ice pack and Petri dish under a dissecting microscope. With the help of the microscope, record the sex and phenotype of all flies. To maneuver the flies within the Petri dish, use a paint brush to avoid harm. The characteristics of sexing flies is described in the introduction on page 2. 4. Once the flies have been sorted by sex and phenotype, prepare the vials for the PA generation. Mix equal parts dry food and water and let it set in the vial. Make sure to label the vial with the phenotypes of each parent of the cross. . Once the vials are prepared, begin placing in pairs of male and male flies into the correctly labeled vials. Use paint brushes for moving flies if necessary. Cap these vials and place them in a warm area. These flies will mate and produce the IF generation 6. After the IF vials have been sitting for approximately 10-12 days, remove the adult flies. By this time the flies will have mated and the female will have laid her eggs. Removing the adults will prev ent Fl flies from mating with IF offspring. To do this, carefully use Nap (technique as described in step 1), being aware that fly larvae are more sensitive and may be fatally harmed by â€Å"over-napping†. Remove the flies by inverting the vial and placing the adult Fl flies in the â€Å"morgue† (a jar containing alcohol or baby oil). Then close the vial and allow it to sit for another 12-15 days. 7. After 12-15 days have passed, record the sex and phenotype of all adult flies. As described in steps 1-3 Flyway will be used to anesthetize the flies before they are removed from the vials to be put into Petri dishes for counting. Once all of the flies have been counted and recorded, place them into the â€Å"morgue† and dispose Of all vials. Rest Its Fl Results: Cross A -? Wild Male x Sepia Female E – Wild eyes e – Sepia eyes Cross B – Sepia eye normal wing male x Wild eye vestigial wing female beef x Beef Fee Beef Sepia eyes e F – Normal wings f – Vestigial Wings Cross C -? Wild male x White female Exe x EXE Exe Exe e – White eyes IF results: Cross A – Wild male x Wild female Chi-square Analysis Phenotype # Observed # Expected (o-e) (0-e)2 (0-e)2/e Wild eyes 256 260 -4 16 . 615 91 87 4 . 1 83 Chi-square Value . 25 Null Hypothesis: If a monophonic cross is performed between two fruit flies that are both heterozygous for eye color, the expected offspring counts would be in a 3 wild: 1 sepia ratio and would have a chi square value less than 5. 99. 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Irony of Democracy free essay sample

Elites, and not the masses, govern the United States: all major decisions are made by the elite minority†¦. they have power. Elite members are anyone who participates in decisions that allocate resources for society Masses are the people that do not have power compared to elites. They usually are very uninformed, and many don’t even vote in the national election. Their lives are shaped by the institutions that the elites create Elite theory is an approach to describing society, focusing on the few with power, their values, their behavior, and their demographics In a democracy, elites have to take control and they have power over the resources. Despite the differences in political parties, elites generally have consensus over the broader issues (limiting government, individual liberties, and sanctity of private property) Iron Law of Oligarchy: theory in political science stating that an elite is inevitable in any social organization, of any size, whether family, club, union, business, or society as a whole (there must be elites in any style of government or society†¦there needs to be control and we can’t have all the millions of people deciding what laws are good for us) ? Upward mobility is common in our country. We will write a custom essay sample on Irony of Democracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People wouldn’t put in so much effort in their lives if they knew they were going to stay in the same social class. Thus, a circulation of elites occurs, where there is a movement of talented and ambitious individuals from the lower strata into the elite ? Democracy: where there is a participation in government, where people are highly involved and the country forms its own identity. â€Å"Let the people rule† (â€Å"majority rule, minority rights†) ? The United States took much of its work from John Locke, who was in favor of â€Å"natural rights to life, liberty, and property† ? Public policy reflects not the demands of the masses but the prevailing values of the elite, elites could act out of narrow self-interest and could risk undermining mass support ? Referendum: a device by which the electorate must approve decisions of the legislative before these become law or become part of the state constitution or by which the electorate must approve of proposals placed on the ballot by popular initiative ? Initiative: a device whereby a specified number or percentage of voters, through the use of a petition, may have a proposed measure placed on the ballot for adoption or rejection by the electorate of the state ? Recall: a petition for an election to decide whether or not an incumbent official should be ousted from office before the end of his or her term ? Portal law: the law should treat everyone equally by the government ? Direct democracy: when the masses vote directly for his or her politicians†¦. founders fear it would lead to rapid change ? Republic: elect someone to represent you in government ? Elitism: the theory that elites rule over the masses. Division between the masses and the elites is emphasized. Emphasizes the importance to leaders of maintaining their positions of power†¦you never know when the masses will start gaining power. The compromise among elite leadership will lead to much decision-making. Communication flows from the elites to the masses. No matter what party, all elites want power ? Pluralism: society is divided into interest groups, and leaders make decisions on bargaining and jousting. Thus, democratic values can be preserved, and voters exercise meaning choices in elections, and new elites can gain access to power. Emphasizes the division of society into interests and competition between leadership groups. With conflict from the elites, the people will see their interests come through. Competition among leader groups protects the individual. Masses have real influence on policy through interest groups and elections. Focuses on governmental leaders chosen directly in elections and asserts that leaders can be held accountable to the people ? Elite distemper: elitists sometimes don’t do the right thing (e. g. adultery, Elliot Spitzer) ? Masses are to blame, we believe in freedom of speech, yet a lot of times we don’t go by that (terrorism). We also don’t follow other amendments, we just do what we want instead of abiding by law ? Political stability depends on people being involved in their own lives, we need the masses to be slightly inattentive ? The masses believe that officials don’t care what the masses think ? Classical liberalism: an ideology that holds that society is created by a social contract among rational individuals capable of thinking for themselves and determining what is in their own best interest who then choose to give up some freedoms in exchange for security ? Review charts on democratic, elite, and pluralistic theory ? Mass unrest: extremist and intolerant political movements, led by appeals to racial hatred, class antagonism, and personal fears ? Elite repression: limitations on dissent, speech, and assembly in the name of law and order) ? It is the irony of democracy that the survival of democratic values-individual dignity, limited government, equality of opportunity, private property, freedom of speech and press, religious tolerance, and due process of law-depends on enlightened elites ? Democratic values can be preserved only by multiple competitive elites-the media, parties, interest groups, corporations, unions and other independent institutions ? Power is the ability to influence people and events by granting or withholding valuable resources ? Democratic theory proposes: popular participation in the decisions that shape the lives of individuals in a society, government by majority rule with recognition of the rights of minorities to try to become majorities, a commitment to individual dignity and the preservation of the classical liberal values of life, liberty, and property, and also a commitment to equal opportunity for all individuals to develop their capacities through political participation ? Chapter 2- The Elite Consensus of the Founding Fathers: US Political Principles The Articles of Confederation: established a â€Å"firm league of friendship† among the states (effective from 1781 to 1789) ? Problem with the AOC? Too much power to the states, allowed states to regulate commerce and to levy taxes. ? The Annapolis Convention, written by Hamilton, adopted a report that outlined the defects of the AOC and called on the states to send delegates to a new convention ? In summer 1786, Shay’s Rebellion was a violent uprising threatened the property and creditor class and galvanized the elite into action. (Masses vs Elites)†¦even though it was put down, forced Congress to begin to write a new Constitution, focusing on a stronger central government ? George Washington was quickly called the leader of the nation, and stood at the apex of US elite structure, and ultimately was the 1st President of the United States ? The Founding Fathers had an extense of education, mainly from Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale†¦.. education was key to writing the Constitution ? Most of the Founders were government bond holders, investors, and owned slaves ? Classical liberalism: an ideology that holds that society is created by a social contract among rational individuals capable of thinking for themselves and determining what is in their own best interest who then choose to give up some freedoms in exchange for some security ? Classical conservatism: a world view that saw human nature as flawed and prove to weakness, thus a politics was needed that would mitigate the worst of the damage humans might inflict on themselves ? Social contract theory: the core concept is that society exists because the free individuals who compose it have made a rational decision that forming society is in their self-interest ? The Founding Fathers agreed the masses should have only a limited, indirect role in selecting decision makers, and that decision makers themselves should be men of wealth, education, and proven leadership ability. Also believed in limited government that could not threaten liberty or property ? This elite consensus at the time was still much more radical compared with the beliefs of elite contemporaries elsewhere in the world: everywhere else mainly contained principles of hereditary monarchy and privileged nobility, whereas US elites were committed to republicanism ? Connecticut Compromise: put together the Virginia and NJ Compromises, where the â€Å"lower house† would be based on population, and the â€Å"upper house† would be equal with two senators from each house ? 3/5 compromise: 3/5 of the slaves of each state would be counted for the purpose of both representation and apportioning direct taxes ? The interstate commerce clause prohibited the states from taxing either imports or exports, which created a free-trade area over the 13 states (at the time) ? The Convention approved the Constitution without property qualifications on officeholders or voters†¦. but no votes to women until the 19th amendment in 1920 ? Elites much more benefited more directly and immediately than did nonelites†¦. the elites wouldn’t have adopted the Constitution if otherwise ? The Constitution says that the government can levy direct taxes only on the basis of population and it follows that it could not levy such taxes in proportion to wealth†¦. only did the 16th amendment in 1913 was protection against levying progressive income taxes broken ? Congress is given to power to: make bankruptcy laws, to coin money and regulate its value, to fix standards of weights and measures, to punish counterfeiting, to establish post offices and post roads, and to pass copyright and patent laws to protect authors and inventors†¦. much more power than in the AOC ? States were banned from coining any sort of money and couldn’t pass any law â€Å"impairing the obligation of contracts† ? From the Constitution, the President was made â€Å"commander-in-chief†: he was allowed to make treaties with the advice and consent of the State, leader of the army and navy when called into federal service, and also send and receive ambassadors ? No taxes can be placed on exports, but tariffs (taxes on imports) are allowed, a form of protection for domestic industries ? The US government built in the slow, unwieldy process into the Constitution to protect private interests from governmental interference and to shield the government and makes it easy for established groups to oppose change, then it is working as intended (checks and balances) ? see tables on page 41 ? Marbury v. Madison: constitutionalized judicial review, where laws of states and the federal government can be review for their constitutionalities ? Of the 4 decision-making entities established, only the House was to be directly elected by the people, due to the 17th Amendment now senators are direct as well ? The fundamental guarantees of liberty in the Bill of Rights were political concessions by the nation’s elite ? Chapter 3: Elites in America An elite member is anyone who participates in decisions that allocate resources for society, not just those who participate in decision making as part of the government ? Corporate and personal wealth is channeled through foundations to universities and think tanks to undertake policy research and develop policy recommendations ? â€Å"circulation of elites†: the movement of talented and ambitious individuals from the lower strata into the elite ? The US has never experienced a true revolution that forcibly replaced government elites with non-elites (incremental rather not revolutionary) ? McCulloch v. Maryland: firmly established the principle that Congress has the right to choose any appropriate means for carrying out the delegated powers of the national government ? â€Å"national and proper† clause: gives Congress many powers the Constitution many powers it doesn’t explicitly grant, providing legal justification for the continuing expansion of the federal government ? Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans took over many of Hamilton’s policies and drove out the entire Federalist party but taking over a lot of their programs and agreeing on a lot of the same things ? The expansion in the West led the â€Å"Jacksonians† of the 1820s to become louder advocates that all white men should have the right to vote and to hold public office because there was a greater chance that a member of the masses would hold power ? Slavery was a huge issue: white elites in the South highly benefited from slave labor, white elites in the North had no use for slaves and had no direct interest for abolishing it. The problem was this now â€Å"new West†: The Northern elites wanted a West composed of small farmers who produced food and raw materials for the industrial and commercial East and provided a market for eastern goods. The south needed protection for the cotton economy. ? Dred Scott v. Sanford: Missouri Compromise was deemed unconstitutional because Congress had no authority to forbid slavery in any territory, the Constitution protected slave property like any other property ? Contrary to popular belief, Lincoln didn’t want to free the slaves at first. He wished to preserve the Union, halt slavery in the western territories, to restore orderly government, and to establish that the states cannot resist national authority without force ? The Emancipation Proclamation was an attempt from Lincoln for political and military action by the president for the sake of helping to preserve the Union ? The loss of southern planters after the Civil War led way to higher business and industries in the North; this led to the emergence of â€Å"trusts†, but monopolies are by definition anti-competitive and violate a core elite consensus on free competition in a free marketplace, resulting in elite demand for anti-trust action by the government ? Both Roosevelt and Wilson had programs to preserve competition and believed elites must function in the public interest and that some government regulation might be required to see that they do so ? FDR believed government needed to undertake more careful economic planning to adapt â€Å"existing economic organizations to the service of the people†. He highly reformed the economy with the New Deal ? Noblesse oblige: elite responsibility for the welfare of the masses ? The federal government has been increasing in its size, see Figure 3. 2 for further details ? Economic elites decide what will be produced, how it will be produced, how much it will cost, how many people will be employed, who will be employed, and what their wages will be. Decide how goods and services will be distributed, how much money will be available for loans, what interest rates will be charged, and what technologies will be developed ? Economic elites: the men and women who hold positions of power in those businesses, whether as executives or directors ? The US IRS receive about 6 million corporate tax returns each year, and only 25,000 (. 4 percent) come from corporations that earn over $50 million in annual revenues†¦.. yet these large corporations account for nearly 3/4th of the total corporate revenues in the nation ? The largest US investment firms largely decide how the nation will invest in its future. They decide whether, when, and under what terms US corporations can borrow money from and sell stocks and bonds to the general public ? Managerialism: general management skills are more important than detailed production-specific knowledge ? Most stockholders sign over â€Å"proxies† so top management can cast these proxy votes at the annual meetings of stockholders ? The formal division of power in a corporation is between the board of directors, elected by the shareholders, and the company executives, hired and fired by the board†¦board sets policy ? Corporate power is further concentrated by a system of interlocking directorates, in which a director of one corporation also sits on the boards of one or more other corporations ? â€Å"revolving door†: elites move from power positions in banking, industry, etc. to government positions ? The policy-planning groups, or think tanks, are the central coordinating points in the policy-making process by reviewing the relevant university and foundation-supported research on topics on interest, with the goal of developing policy recommendations-explicit programs designed to resolve or ameliorate national problems ? The media define the â€Å"problem† as a problem and thus set the agenda for policy making, encourage politicians to assume new policy stances by allocating valuable network broadcast time to those who will speak out in favor of new policy directions ? According to elite theory, the movement of nonelites into elite positions must be slow and continuous in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution ? Chapter 4-Masses in the United States Perhaps the greatest threat to democracy in the United States is the continuing prevalence of apathy and ignorance among the masses†¦eligible US citizens have about a 50% turnout in PRESIDENTIAL elections ? Real worker wages are still basically where they were 40 years ago despite decades of overall economic growth ? Deunionization is partly a product of the globalization of the economy†¦. if workers are unhappy, factors could move or immigrants could replace them ? Distrust and cynicism characterize mass attitudes toward government and politics†¦disrespect of authority and the increase of media and decrease of political parties have led to cynicism ? Level of education is related to degree of tolerance and respect for civil liberty in the United States; the more education, the higher the tolerance ? Mass confidence in US institutions is generally higher than mass confidence in the people who run the same institutions ? People in the US are very ignorant to their own country; only a little over half the people even know the 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights! ? Halo effect: giving socially approved responses to questions regardless of their true feelings; many people don’t care and hold no opinion on political issues, thus making polls sometimes could be useless ? Conspiracy theories: irrational theories about power, usually when the elites feel very separated from the masses, where much of the population feels powerless ? Sustained political participation-voting consistently in election after election for state and local offices as well as Congress and the president-is very rare ? Elites hope that masses will be apathetic; thus they have more leeway in what policies they want to for and most people won’t care. However, when masses protest, that’s when elites could be in some trouble and it could threaten democratic values ? Mass unrest typically occurs after a defeat in a war, or something domestically such as economic depression or severe unemployment ? Counterelites: people who wish to become elites immediately†¦. without going through the â€Å"circulation of elite† process. They’re very dangerous by threatening democratic values, and seek to exploit the worst attribute of mass politics such as intolerance or race hatred ? Right counterelites have been much stronger than left counterelites, such as the KKK and self-styled citizen â€Å"militias†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. they also contributed to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing ? Elites become more repressive during times of crisis: 9/11 came with more restrictions on freedom and more surveillance on their papers and communication, Abraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, and Japanese-American citizens were put in interment camps after the outbreak of World War II ? Income inequality has decreased earnings, which leads to threat of the ideal of social mobility ? Chapter 5- The Media: Elite-Mass Communication Television is the most common form of media for the elites to portray to the masses ? The political functions of the mass media include news making, interpretation, socialization, persuasion, and agenda setting ? NEWS MAKING= deciding what gets on the air and allocating time on their shows and papers to grab the publics attention ? INTERPRETATION= news makers search for an angle on a story and put it into context to get the masses to listen to their message. Many news stations are based on ideology ? SOCIALIZATION= teach masses the elites preferred political norms and values through both news and entertainment programming, usually with elite interference. Examples include election night, and entertainment programs ? PERSUASION= when big powerful men make deliberate attempts to affect peoples beliefs, attitudes, or behavior. EX: political campaigns ? AGENDA SETTING= its the first step of policy making which determine which issues are worthy of consideration. Politicians can call issues different names such as crisis to make the masses more attentive ? There is a liberal bias in the media: ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN tend to interpret news in a more liberal sense. Fox News came along and gave a conservative viewpoint, so more conservatives could turn in the media and have more support of the right-wingers ? The Sullivan Rule requires public officials not only to show the media published or broadcast false and damaging statements but also to prove they did so knowing at the time their statements were false and damaging or did so with reckless disregard for the truth or falsehood of their statements. first amendment guarantees a powerful, independent, and critical media elite ? Many younger people in the world are now getting their news from the Internet ? Congress unsucessfully attempted to outlaw offensive material on the Internet in its Communications Decency Act of 1996. but Supreme Court shut it down due to 1st Amendment rights ? candidate image: the personal traits of the candidates and their ability to project a personal image of charm, etc. ? The cost of campaigning have risen dramatically because of the high cost of professional ad agencies and television advertising ? Many reporting during campaigns is horse race reporting which is just simply talking about the race, instead of actually policy issues ? Sound bites take away time from the word of the actual candidates and puts more time back to the media bias reporting ? The masses suffer from information overload, with so many communications coming at masses, they cant process them all. Elites have more trouble influencing them if their brains are dead ? The masses use selective perception with a mental screening out information where they disagree. Thus, media elites have less of a chance to influence the minds of the masses ?